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The conductivity of graphite is 100 times higher than that of ordinary nonmetallic ores. The thermal conductivity is higher than that of steel, iron, lead and other metal materials. The thermal conductivity decreases with the increase of temperature, and even at extremely high temperatures, graphite becomes an insulator. The reason why graphite can conduct electricity is that each carbon atom in graphite and other carbon atoms only form three covalent bonds, and each carbon atom still retains one free electron to transfer charge.
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon. It is a gray-black, opaque solid with stable chemical properties and corrosion resistance. It is not easy to react with acid, alkali and other agents. Natural graphite comes from graphite deposits, and can also be made from petroleum coke, asphalt coke and other raw materials through a series of processes. Graphite burns in oxygen to generate carbon dioxide, which can be oxidized by strong oxidants such as concentrated nitric acid and potassium permanganate. It can be used as antiwear agent and lubricant, and high-purity graphite can be used as neutron retarder in atomic reactors. It can also be used to manufacture crucibles, electrodes, brushes, dry batteries, graphite fibers, heat exchangers, coolers, electric arc furnaces, arc lamps, pencil refills, etc.
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